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Ohm's Law: Describes the relationship between Voltage , Resistance , Current i.e., Voltage = (Current) X (Resistance). It was proposed by George Simon Ohm.  Ohm's law states that "The current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points" . The  law only holds true if the provided temperature and the other physical factors remain constant.    V= IR An electrical circuit is a closed loop that connects various electrical elements. We can also analyze the electrical circuits in terms of Voltage, Current and Resistance. The equation V = IR, can be rearranged to find any one of the three quantities (Voltage, Resistance, Current) given the other two such as: 1. V = IR 2. I = V/R 3. R = V/I For Example: In the circuit above Voltage from the battery and Ohm from the resistor has been given. To compute the current flowing through the circuit, the formula is: I = V/R (or) Current = Voltage / Resistance I = 10/100  I ...

Description: Resistor, restricts or limits the flow of electrons in a circuit. As discussed in the previous post , materials fall into two basic categories such as conductors and insulators.  Conductors such as metals let electricity flow through them; insulator such as plastic and wood generally do not.  But, any substance will conduct electricity if you put big enough voltage across it; even air which   is normally an insulator suddenly becomes a conductor when a powerful voltage builds up in the clouds and what makes lightning. Rather than talking about conductors and insulators, it's better to talk about resistance, (the ease with which something will let electricity flow through it) A conductor has low resistance, while an insulator has much higher resistance. Devices called resistors, let us introduce precisely controlled amounts of resistance into electric circuits.  Resistor is a passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for either limit...

Description: The electrons in a conductor (copper for example) freely move from atom to atom, but in a completely random way.  Motion of free electrons is normally haphazard.  So, a sort of pressure or push helps electrons to move in a particular direction.  The technical term for this pressure or push is electromotive force, EMF for short or sometimes simply E. It creates pressure on the electrons which channelizes them to flow in a single direction. But you know it more commonly as voltage. Voltage: Voltage (V) is the unit of potential difference. More clearly, voltage is the difference in potential, between two points.  Basically, to find the difference, we need two points. Similarly, to measure volt we need two points. Let A and B are the two points connected through any conducting material. Potential of A is 50 and B is 30 and the unit of potential is coulomb (Q). ‘Point A’ has high potential which means more electrons. ‘Point B’ has low potential which means l...

Description: Recapitulating the basics of the Physics and Electronics are essential to get a clear picture of the upcoming blogs. Physics: The term ‘Physics’ comes from the root word ‘Phys’ meaning nature and natural order. Physics is the study of physical properties. It involves the study of everything in physical existence from smallest subatomic particles to the entire universe. Study of natural forces refers to the study of heat, light, sound, pressure, electricity etc. Physics can be broadly classified as: Mechanics: This focuses on the behavior of object and the forces that act upon them. Thermodynamics: Study of heat, temperature and energy. Optics: Study of light waves. Acoustics: Study of sound waves Electro-magnetism: Study of electric and magnetic forces. ATOM The term ATOM comes from the Greek word “ATOMOS” meaning “Indivisible”,  but the basic idea that matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles is an old idea that appeared in many ancient ...

Introduction: There are wide range of wearable devices in IoT such as fitness band, smart watches, smart glasses, smart ring, smart clothing, smart shoes and smart jewelry. These devices help humans to upgrade their daily lifestyle.   Let’s look at a few. FITNESS BAND: Fitness band / smart bracelet / smart band measures various things that are the result of physical exertion such as number of steps taken, the heartbeat, the calorie burnt, the distance travelled and the quality of sleep.  Optical heart rate sensor in the bands, measures beat-to-beat variations from your recorded heart rate to determine a comfortable breathing rate.    Bands are capable of tracking the calories burnt and can record how well you slept.  It can be synced with phones to show the information and are different from smart watches and mobile watches. There are bands with both with and without display screen. SMART GLASSES: Smart glasses are augmented reality glasses embedded with senso...

Introduction:     Internet of Things has applications majorly in all fields such as agriculture, consumer use, healthcare, insurance, manufacturing, retail, transportation, utilities/energy, wearables, security, hospitality and grid or energy saving. Description about  Smart Home: Let’s get a glimpse of IoT in Consumer use (Smart Home).  Smart Home, let its residence lead their life more comfortably. Lighting: When a person enters the room, the lights can be turned on and off if the person leaves the room automatically without the necessity of pressing the switch. All smart lights can be connected to the smart-phone and can even be voice controlled. Kitchen: Sensors can check for gas leaks, smokes and can send an alert to the end-user via an SMS or a buzzer, and feature an exhaust fan that gets activated once the gas or fire is detected. The fan aims to push the air outside. The smart refrigerator can send a report about the list of vegetables that are ru...

Description: When it comes to IoT, internet is used to send, receive or communicate information. And in each case, the gadget that was connected to the internet wasn’t a computer, tablet or mobile but an object (a thing). They are internet connected devices, hence each of them has a unique IP address and the devices r ange in complexity from Autonomous vehicle to simple sensors. Any object in the physical world can be transferred into an IoT device if it can be connected to the internet to be controlled or communicate information. IoT devices are generally expected to have an internet connection and that communication with the network independently of human action. Idea of IoT: Rather than having a small number of very powerful computing devices in life such as laptop, tablet, music player, phone you mi ght have a larger number of devices which are perhaps less powerful such as umbrella, bracelet, mirror, fridge, shoes and water bottles. For this reason, a pc, a smartphone a ...

Brief History: The term ‘Internet of Things’ was coined in 1999 by the computer scientist Kevin Ashton in the presentation he made while working at Procter & Gamble.  Ashton proposed putting radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips on products to track them through a supply chain is essential to communicate between people and things and things themselves. Wanting to bring Radio Frequency to the attention of P&G‘s senior management, Ashton called this presentation as ‘Internet of Things’ to incorporate the cool new trend of 1999 the internet. Though Ashton mentioned it in 1999, the  first appliance was a coke machine invented in the early 1980s at the Carnegie Melon University. A group of students from the university created a way to get their campus Coca-Cola vending machine to report on its contents through a network in order to save them the trek if the machine was out of Coke. They installed micro-switches into the machine to report on how many Coke cans were a...

Consider reservation counters and banks for example: Typical computer system work on the principle, Input-->process-->output. In conventional system input is keyed in by human beings. The software algorithm running at the computing system, process the input data and produces an output. If people responsible are lethargic or lazy, often the speed and accuracy of the system is lost. But in IoT we do not have this issue. Inputs are replaced by relevant sensors. Hence possibility of human error can be eliminated to the great extent. Processing happens in cloud and returned to receiver end. Block diagram of the process-flow: In many IoT systems, sensors forward data via short-range wireless communication protocols such as Bluetooth, zigbee, wifi to the local computing system. Data gets pro-processed and sent to the central server or the cloud system. Analytics software system takes informed decisions at the cloud platform and will reach the receiver end device.  In few cases this ...

Description: Internet of things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals, people that are provided with Unique Identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over the internet without requiring human-to-human (or) human-to-computer interactions. It is the process of connecting everyday physical objects to the internet.  It refers to a system of physical devices that receive and transfer data over wireless networks with limited human intervention.  It is the concept of computer and machines with sensors which connect to the internet to Report status and Accept control commands. The term 'Thing' in the 'Internet of Things' can be a: Person with heart monitor implant Farm animal with a biochip transponder Automobile that has built in sensor Any other natural or man-made object can be assigned an IP address and is able to transfer data over the internet. Other names of IoT are: Ubiquitous computing Physical ...